SUELO.

  INDUSTRIAL WATERWELL

  WATER TREATMENT. Water treatment  is any process that improves the  quality  of  water  to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be  drinking , industrial water supply,  irrigation , river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes  contaminants  and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use. Adapted from Wikipedia.

BOREHOLE SOIL TEST   A  borehole  is a narrow  shaft   bored  in the ground, either vertically or horizontally. A borehole may be constructed for many different purposes, including the extraction of  water , other liquids (such as  petroleum ) or gases (such as  natural gas ), as part of a  geotechnical investigation ,  environmental site assessment ,  mineral exploration ,  temperature measurement, as a pilot hole for installing piers or underground utilities, for geothermal installations, or for underground storage of unwanted substances, e.g. in  carbon capture and storage . Adapted from Wikipedia.

CORE PENETRATION TEST.  Cone penetration test(CPT)  is an in-situ test that is used to identify the soil type. In this test a cone penetrometer is pushed into the ground at a standard rate and data are recorded at regular intervals during penetration. A cone penetration test rig pushes the steel cone vertically into the ground. The cone penetrometer is instrumented to measure penetration resistance at the tip and friction in the shaft (friction sleeve) during penetration. A CPT probe equipped with a pore-water pressure sensor is called a CPTU. CPT probes with other sensors are also used.  Adapted from geoengineer.org

  ONSHORE SOIL INVESTIGATION

  PILE LOAD TESTING Static pile load testing is one of the most common methods for testing the actual in-situ capacity of a pile. The test program involves the direct measurement of pile head displacement in response to a physically applied load. The test pile is loaded using a calibrated hydraulic jack that applies the test load to the pile by pushing against a beam placed directly over the test pile. The test beam is restrained by an anchorage system consisting of reaction piles installed in the adjacent ground to provide tension resistance. Once the load test frame is in place and fully instrumented, the hydraulic jack applies the test load in a series of increments according to the testing requirements specified by the project’s engineer. Each load is held for a predetermined amount of time until either twice the design load or pile failure is reached, whichever comes first. Pile movement is recorded with each incremental load, and the results are typically presented in a graph...

  What is cast in situ concrete pile? Bored cast in situ pile is constructed by digging a hole in the ground by suitable means such as percussive or rotary method with the use of temporary or permanent casing or drilling mud. After that, the construction is finalized by filling the hole with reinforced concrete. Culled from theconstructor.org

  In   construction   or   renovation ,   underpinning   is the process of strengthening the   foundation   of an existing   building   or other   structure . Underpinning may be necessary for a variety of reasons: The original foundation isn't strong or stable enough. The usage of the structure has changed. The properties of the  soil  supporting the foundation may have changed (possibly through  subsidence ) or were mischaracterized during design. The construction of nearby structures necessitates the  excavation  of soil supporting existing foundations. To increase the depth or load capacity of existing foundations to support the addition of another storey to the building (above or below grade). It is more economical, due to  land price  or otherwise, to work on the present structure's foundation than to build a new one. Earthquake , flood, drought or other natural causes have caused the structu...

  A   deep foundation   is a type of   foundation   that transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a   shallow foundation   does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A   pile   or   piling   is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at the   building site . There  are many reasons that a   geotechnical engineer   would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, such as for a   skyscraper . Some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poor   soil   at shallow depth, or site constraints like   property lines . There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including the pile (which is analogous to a pole), the pier (which is analogous to a   column ), drilled shafts, and   caissons . Piles are generally driven into the ground   in situ ...